COMORBIDITIES ASSOCIATED WITH PEDIATRIC FEEDING DISORDER

Pediatric feeding disorder (PFD) can be defined as impaired oral intake that is not age-appropriate, and is associated with medical, nutritional, feeding skill, and/or
psychosocial dysfunction.

More than 1 in 37 children under the age of 5 in the United States1 are affected by pediatric feeding disorder (PFD) each year. There are more than 300 known conditions that put children at higher risk, including but not limited to those outlined below.

The Peer-Reviewed Consensus Paper on pediatric feeding disorder is published online here.

Acquired

  • Cancer

Cardiology

  • Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
  • Atrioventricular Canal Defects
  • Congenital Heart Defects
  • Dilated Cardiomyopathy
  • Heterotaxy with Asplenia
  • Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
  • Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome
  • Major Aortopulmonary Collateral Artery (MAPCA)
  • Patent Ductus Arteriosis (PDA)
  • Pulmonary Vein Stenosis
  • Shone’s Syndrome
  • Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Atresia (TOF/PA)
  • Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
  • Tricuspid Atresia
  • Truncus Arteriosus
  • Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Connective Tissue

  • Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
  • Mixed Connective Tissue Disease

Craniofacial

  • Bilateral Open Opercular Syndrome
  • Bronchial-oto-facial Syndrome
  • Bulbar Palsy
  • Cervical Lymphangioma
  • Occulofacialcardiodental Syndrome
  • Pfeiffer Syndrome
  • Treacher Collins Syndrome

Disorder

  • Autism
  • Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
  • Pervasive Development Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)
  • Sensory Processing Disorder

Endocrine

  • Growth Hormone Deficiency
  • Hyperinsulinism/Hypoglycemia
  • Ideopathic Chronic Pancreatitis
  • Ketotic Hypoglycemia
  • Panhypopituitarism
  • Primary IGF-1 Deficiency Genetic/Chromosomal
  • 1- q23.2 Deletion
  • 13q Deletion
  • 14q21
  • 2 q32.33q Duplication
  • 14q32 Deletion
  • 15q 11.2 BP1-BP2 Microdeletion Syndrome
  • 3 Microdeletion Syndrome
  • 2 Microdeletion
  • 2 Microduplication
  • 11 Duplication
  • 3 Duplication Syndrome
  • 1 Deletion
  • 18p Syndrome
  • 18q Deletion
  • 1 Duplication
  • 1p36 Deletion
  • 1 Duplication
  • 1 Microdeletion
  • 2 + 1q23.2q24.1 Deletions
  • 20p13 Duplication
  • 1 Duplication
  • 3-25.1 Deletion
  • 3 Duplication
  • 2q32 Microdeletion
  • 2q37 Deletion Syndrome
  • 1 Microdeletion
  • 4q Deletion Syndrome
  • 1-25.2 Deletion
  • 2-25.3 Deletion
  • 3q Microdeletion
  • 1-7q31 Deletion
  • Alagille Syndrome
  • Alexander’s Disease
  • Alfi’s Syndrome
  • ALG13 Mutation
  • Allan Herdon Dudley Syndrome
  • Angelman Syndrome
  • Antley-Bixler Syndrome
  • Barth Syndrome Bartter Syndrome
  • Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
  • Bohring-Opitz Syndrome
  • Borjeson-Forssman-Lehmann Syndrome
  • Canavan Disease Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) Syndrome
  • CDKL5 Disorder CHARGE Syndrome
  • Chrondodyplasia Punctata Cockayne Syndrome
  • Coffin Siris Syndrome
  • Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation
  • Congenital Fiber Type Disproportion
  • Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
  • Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
  • Costello Syndrome
  • Creatine Transporter Deficiency
  • Cri du Chat
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Cystinosis Denys-Drash Syndrome
  • DiGeorge Syndrome
  • DNA Ligase IV Deficiency Syndrome (LIG 4)
  • Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
  • Dubowitz Syndrome Edward’s Syndrome
  • Epidermolysis Bullosa
  • Familial Dysautonomia
  • Fanconi Anemia
  • Fibromatosis Hyaline
  • FOXP2 Gene Mutation
  • Fragile X Syndrome
  • Freeman-Sheldon Syndrome
  • Gauchers Disease
  • GM1 Gangliosidosis
  • Hunter Syndrome (MPS II)
  • Jacobsen Syndrome
  • Joubert Syndrome
  • Kabuki Syndrome
  • Kapur-Toriello
  • KBG Syndrome
  • Kleefstra Syndrome
  • Klinefelter’s Syndrome
  • Koolen de Vries Syndrome
  • L1CAM Mutation (X Linked Hydrocephalus)
  • Macrocephaly-Capillary Malformation Syndrome
  • Maple Syrup Urine Disease
  • Marshall Smith Syndrome
  • McCune Albright Syndrome
  • MECP2 Duplication Syndrome
  • Menkes Disease
  • Microcephalic Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism Type 1
  • Miller Deiker Syndrome
  • Mitochondrial Disease
  • Moebius Syndrome
  • Mosaic Monosomy
  • Mosaic Trisomy 18
  • Mosaic Trisomy 22
  • Mosaic Trisomy 9
  • Mowat-Galloway Syndrome
  • Nager Syndrome
  • Neurofibromatosis
  • Niemann-Pick Diseases
  • Noonan Syndrome
  • Norrie Disease
  • Opitz G/BBB Syndrome
  • Pallister-Hall Syndrome
  • Partial Trisomy 13
  • Partial Trisomy 18
  • Partial Trisomy 1q
  • Partial Trisomy 7
  • Partial Trisomy 9q
  • Phelan-McDermid Syndrome
  • Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome
  • Prader-Willi Syndrome
  • Rett Syndrome
  • Riley Day Syndrome
  • Ring Chromosome 14
  • Ring Chromosome 18
  • Ring Chromosome 21
  • Ring Chromosome 6
  • Ring Chromosome 9
  • Rubenstein-Taybi Syndrome
  • Russell-Silver Syndrome
  • Sandhoff Disease
  • Say Barber Biesecker Young-Simpson Ohdo Syndrome
  • Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome
  • Smith Magenis Syndrome
  • Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome
  • Sotos Syndrome
  • SOX2 Mutation or Deletion Static Encephalopathy Stickler Syndrome
  • Tay Sachs Disease
  • Tetrasomy 9p
  • Translocation 5;8 (partial loss 5q33.3/partial gain 8p21.1-23.2)
  • Translocation Chromosome 22
  • Trichohepatoenteric Syndrome
  • Trichothiodystrophy
  • Trisomy 10
  • Trisomy 13
  • Trisomy 14
  • Trisomy 17
  • Trisomy 18
  • Trisomy 4p
  • Trisomy 5q
  • Trisomy 9
  • Turner Syndrome
  • Velo-cardio-facial Syndrome
  • Waardenburg’s Syndrome Type 4
  • Wiedemann-Steiner Syndrome
  • Williams Syndrome
  • Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome
  • Worster Drought Syndrome
  • Xq28 Duplication
  • Zellweger Syndrome Spectrum/Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders

 

Gastrointestinal

  • Abdominal Migraines
  • Autoimmune Hepatitis
  • Biliary Atresia
  • Caroli Disease
  • Chronic Diarrhea
  • Chronic Intestinal Pseudo Obstruction
  • Colon Hyperganglionosis
  • Colonic Inertia
  • Crohn’s Disease
  • Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome (CVS)
  • Dumping Syndrome
  • Encopresis with overflow incontinence
  • Functional Dyspepsia
  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
  • Gastroparesis
  • Hirschsprung’s Disease
  • Necrotizing Entercolitis (NEC)
  • Rumination Syndrome
  • Sandifer Syndrome
  • Ulcerative Colitis
  • Visceral Hypersensitivity

Immune

  • Celiac
  • Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)
  • Eosinophil-associated Gastrointestinal Disorders (EGID)
  • Eosinophilic Colitis (EC)
  • Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE)
  • Eosinophilic Gastritis (EG)
  • Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis (EGE)
  • Food Protein Intolerance Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES)
  • Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (HES)
  • IgA Deficiency (complete)
  • Immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked (IPEX)
  • Mastocytosis
  • Myocitis
  • Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
  • Severe Food Allergies

 

Metabolic

  • Adrenal Hypoplasia
  • Argininosuccinate lyase deficiency
  • Argininosuccinic Aciduria
  • Congenital Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficiency
  • Entrokionase Deficiency
  • Glucose Transporter Deficiency Syndrome (Glut 1)
  • Glutaric Acidemia Glycerol Kinase Deficiency
  • Glycogen Storage Disease
  • Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
  • Long-chain-Hydroxy Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Trifunctional Protein Deficiency (LCHAD/TFP)
  • Medium Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCAD)
  • Methylmalonic Acidemia
  • MPS-III Sanfilippo Syndrome
  • Multiple Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MADD)
  • Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia (NKH)
  • Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency (OTCD)
  • Pompe Disease
  • Propionic Acidemia
  • Pseudohypoaldosteronism Recessive Type 1 MTOD
  • Short Chain Hydroxy Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (SCHAD)
  • Short-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (SCAD)
  • Very Long Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (VCLADD)

Neurological

  • Alpers’ Disease
  • Anoxic Brain Injury
  • Arachnoid Brain Cyst
  • Brain Tumor
  • Cerebal Atrophy
  • Cerebellar Hypoplasia
  • Cerebral Cavernous Malformation
  • Cerebral Palsy
  • Chiari Malformation
  • Corpus Callosum Disorders
  • Cortical Dysplasia
  • Cranial Nerve Damage
  • Dandy Walker Malformation
  • Delayed Myelination
  • Dravet Syndrome
  • Dysautonomia/Autonomic Dysfunction
  • Electrical Status Epilepticus in Sleep (ESES)
  • FoxG1 Syndrome
  • Holoproscencephaly
  • Hydranencephaly
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Hypothalamic Malfunction
  • Hypoxic Ischaemic Encelpathy (HIE)
  • Infantile Spasms
  • Leigh’s Disease
  • Lennox-Gestaut Syndrome
  • Leukodystrophy
  • Lissencephaly/Micro-Lissencephaly
  • Loeys-Dietz Syndrome
  • Malignant Migrating Partial Epilepsy in Infancy
  • Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Microcephaly
  • Multicystic Encephalomalacia
  • Myoelectrical Nerve Abnormality
  • Ohtahara Syndrome
  • Pachygyria
  • Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease
  • Perinatal Stroke
  • Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL)
  • Polymicrogyria/Polymicrogyriacephaly
  • Pontine Tegmental Cap Dysplasia
  • Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia
  • Porencephaly
  • Rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD)
  • Schizencephaly
  • Septo Optic Dysplasia
  • Spastic Diplegia
  • Spielmeyer-Vogt-Sjogren-Batten Disease
  • Spina Bifida
  • Traumatic Brain Injury
  • West Syndrome

Neuromuscular

  • Central Core Disease
  • Congenital Fiber-type Disproportion
  • Congenital Myasthenic Gravis
  • Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome
  • Congenital Myopathy
  • Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
  • Duschenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Dystonia
  • Multiminicore Disease
  • Muscle Eye Brain Disease
  • Muscular Dystrophy
  • Myasthenic Syndrome
  • Myotubular Myopathy
  • Nemaline Myopathy
  • Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
  • Spinal Muscular Atrophy with Respiratory Distress (SMARD)

Psychological

  • Abuse/Neglect
  • Anxiety Disorders
  • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
  • Trauma

Renal

  • Kidney Disease
  • Kidney Failure

Respiratory

  • ABCA3 Mutation
  • Broncheomalacia
  • Bronchiolitis Obliterans
  • Bronchiolitis Obliterans with Organizing Pneumonia (BOOP)
  • Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
  • Chronic Lung Disease
  • Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome
  • Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia
  • Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia (NEH)
  • Pulmonary Atresia
  • Pulmonary Hypertension
  • Pulmonary Hypoplasia
  • Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis
  • Restrictive Lung Disease
  • SP-B Deficiency
  • Surfactant Protein C Deficiency

Structural

  • Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC)
  • Cerebro-costo-Mandibular Syndrome
  • Choanal Atresia/Bilateral Choanal Atresia
  • Cleft Lip and Palate
  • Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
  • Costo-Mandibular Syndrome
  • Duodenal Atresia
  • Gastrochisis
  • Goldenhar Syndrome
  • Hanhart Syndrome
  • Heterotaxy Syndrome
  • Hollow Visceral Myopathy
  • Infantile Myofibromatosis
  • Intestinal Malrotation
  • Lymphatic Malformation
  • Macroglossia
  • Microgastria
  • Micrognathia
  • Moyamoya Disease
  • Omphalocele
  • Pierre-Robin Sequence
  • Pyloric Stenosis
  • Short Bowel Syndrome
  • Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (SMAS)
  • Type IV Jejunal Atresia
  • VACTERL/VATER Association

Swallowing

  • Absent Swallow Reflex
  • Achalasia
  • Aspiration
  • Cricopharyngeal Achalasia
  • Dysphagia
  • Esophageal Atresia (EA)
  • Esophageal Stricture
  • Hyperactive Gag Reflex
  • Laryngeal and Esophageal Vascular Malformations
  • Laryngeal Cleft
  • Laryngeal Nerve Damage
  • Laryngomalacia Oral Motor Disorders
  • Paralyzed Vocal Cord
  • Poor Suck Response (in newborns)
  • Severe Oral Aversion
  • Subglottonal Stenosis
  • Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)
  • Tracheolaryngeal Cleft
  • Tracheomalacia

Other

  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  • Diabetes Insipidous
  • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
  • Hydrops Fetalis
  • Organ Transplants
  • Prematurity
  • Shaken Baby Syndrome
  • Stroke (perinatal and non-perinatal)
  • Twins Anemia Polycythema Sequence (TAPS)

 

1. Kovacic K, Rein L, Kommareddy S, Szabo A Bhagavatula P, Goday PS. Pediatric feeding disorders: A nationwide prevalence study. J Peds. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.047